Security

By, Krishna Hari Pushkar,
Security
It is a multifarious term. The meaning of security is today based on various circumstances and contexts. Conventionally, security is meant similar as safety or protection. Scholar claims, it is a situation of being protected against danger, losses or any types of attacks. Accordingly, this paper begins with the fundamental discussions of the meaning and definition of security, which includes the several aspect and understandings. Afterward, it presents the meaning of security with essential explanations under three generations with its descriptive categories. Finally, the paper comes up with a summarized picture of Nepalese security apparatus. Lastly, it concludes with some concrete answers that what is the meaning of security today. Now the meaning of security is largely shifted and modified. Experts consider, “Generally the meaning of security is a kind of a state where people or institution or authority or groups feel full secured or feel albescence of any threaten or vulnerability from somewhere or someone in his /her life, liberty, property or activity, it could be in physical, psychological, emotional, social or economical forms.”
The term security is connected with the rule of law, freedoms, rights, peace or something that secures equally. Likewise, the meaning of security includes prevention, response and pre-emptive attacks. In broader term, today security means protection and prevention from physical, psychological, emotional, financials, environmental, economical, technological, & developmental damages and loss. It also includes the needy rights and privileges issues of the individuals, organizations, nations, regions or the particular groups that are supposed to be protected and prevented from any potential danger or onslaught.
In my observation, the meaning of security today may be offered technically under three generations: (a) First Generation: the people who are fighting for survival, living under the poverty line, struggling with hand to mouth problem and remained dependent on State & its welfare privileges are kept under this generation. The people mean today, the security is the prime duties and responsibility of government, so the protection and prevention from impending threat on their lives, liberty and properties may consider as security. Generally, they believe, the police and administration, insurances and social security mechanism are only the major source and actors of such security. These people are very traditional and do not well enough aware even about their rights, systems, rules, regulations and broader scope of security. There are huge mass of such people, specially in developing and least developed countries, (b) Second Generation: the people mean, “The security is the international & constitutional arrangements, which are enforced by the rule of law, it guards for justice, and protects and prevents from possible threats and vulnerabilities.” Further, this generation expects more than the first generation. They wish to enjoy all possible fundamental and human rights without having any disruptions or hindrances accordance with the laws of respective nation and international practices. And (c) Third Generation: the people mean that security is a kind of mental feeling, happiness and physical assurances for prevention, protection, and guard against all possible threats and vulnerability concerning the physical, economical, health, social, food, technological, cultural, industrial, ecological, rights and other issues that are important to the people, organization or particular nations.
Accordingly, the security may be classified as technological, physical, political and psychological categories. The technological category includes the areas of IT, network, machines or the domains that are related to the filed of technology and scientific development. The physical category includes the areas of business and commerce, insurance, products, food, money, health, tourism, water, home, goods, infrastructures, etc. The political category includes internal and external security, public security, immigration and migration, homeland etc. Finally, the psychological security includes mental attitude and feeling or satisfaction that assures people to live and conduct activities in fear-free manner.
The meaning of security reflects into practice when it is enforced by State through various mechanisms by introducing specific acts, rules, and regulations, orders, etc. Normally, every State has particular mechanisms for security. In Nepal, we maintain and enforce security through public and private authorities. However, the number and scope of private security company is comparatively very low in Nepal.
Further, Nepal is divided into seventy five districts and it has governmental security wings throughout the all districts and its regions. There are Civil Security Authority (Home Ministry and its direct wings), Nepal Police, Nepal Arm Police Force, National Investigation Department (Intelligence) & Department of Immigration etc are mainly active powers that are working for internal security.
The Ministry of Health, Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare, Education Ministry, Cultural Ministry, Ministry of Local Development, Local Governments etc, are accountable for social security. Similarly, the courts are responsible for judicial security and justices. Moreover, the external security (defense) is solely assigned for Nepal Army. Respectively, the technological security is under the responsibilities of Ministry of Science and Technology and its various institutions. However, there are no direct governmental authorities in Nepal that deals with the financial and commercials securities. Though, Ministry of Finance, FNCCI, Nepal Rastra Bank, and few insurances companies are partially working on it with the help of police and general administration too.
The understanding of security is today being drastically changed even In Nepal, since Maoists joined comprehensive peace process in 2006 after decade long bloodshed Guerrilla warfare. Before, people was just talking about physical protection or seeking for survival only, though they are now asking for all types of possible security, which are discussed above. Hence, the meaning of security is based on perception, attitude, context and need. The developed world e.g. US, Europe, Australia, Japan, Canada etc. are adopting and practicing advance meaning of security, at the same time the country like Iraq, Nepal, Afghanistan, Liberia, Somalia, Rwanda, etc are not being even capable to enforce the basic meaning of security as mentioned in first generation section.
The security is a matter of high importance and interconnected issues for everyone. The globally integrated meaning and efforts for security are essential today since all human beings are equal as per norms of UN Universal Declaration of Human-Rights 1948, otherwise it is difficult to achieve sustainable peace, and to prevent and protect from the poverty, terrorism, threat, crime, attack, discrimination, abuse of rights and more.
Hence, the developed nations must help developing countries to improve and enforce the better meaning and practice of efficient and effective security system to cope with their emerging challenges. I observe there are immense gap among various people about the meaning and understanding of security. The meaning of security today is different and depends on the situation, nature of need and the level of people and their culture. However, there are some common characters in all types of meaning today that security is a legitimated legalized system or a kind of arrangement for protection, prevention, assurances, and preparedness against possible attacks, threats, damages and injury.

(Author is a Peace and Conflict Management Professional and Currently Associated with Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of Nepal)

Nepal: Non-Madhesis Occupied Madhesi Quota: An Open Challenge to Constitution

Nepal: Non-Madhesis Occupied Madhesi Quota: An Open Challenge to Constitution

I would like to draw your serious attention on a case of Public Service Commission. Recently, there are vacancies for the post of an under secretary and a joint secretary for Madhesi people accordance with the inclusive recruitment policy of Civil Service Act. Therefore, it is clear that the advertised Madhesis quotas-posts are for Madhesis people only as per letter and spirit of Interim Constitution and related agreements and understanding made among government and Madhes centric political parties.

According to the Public Service Commission and mentioned criteria, only Madhesi can apply for the post, however neither Public Service Commission, nor Government knows legally that who are Madhesis and how to identify the Madhesis. There is no any criterion, no any indicator, and no any official document that is clear on the definition or identity of Madhesis. However, there is an adhoc provision in law; Madhesis are the people who hold a Madhesi certificate issued by respective CDOs, which is only one legal basis to identify the Madhesis in legal form.

If you wish to apply in Madhesi quota, you must hold a certificate from CDO; it doesn’t a matter who and how you obtain the Madhesi certificate. Actually, our law is totally silent about the basis of CDO’s Certification. So, it is totally discretionary power of CDOs, who can easily issue the Madhesi Certificate to anyone, as per his interest and choice. No one can raise question or argumentation or cannot be done any legal challenges over such decisions in existing situation. So, CDOs’ decisions are being accepted as legitimate and legal in the absence of proper law, which is itself against the democratic doctrine, norms, and values of inclusive democracy.

I have learned from my many friends who are Non-Madhesis and have already applied in Madhesi quotas in various posts which are advertised for Madhesis people only. They told me that any Madhes based Non-Madhesi can get the certificate in two ways either giving some bribe or using some strong approach to CDOs. So, it is not much hard to get the certificate even for Non-Madhesi people.

According to the Public Service Commission, the applicants’ ratio is like 80 % (Non-Madhesis) and 20 % ( Madhesis) in Madhesis quotas’ posts. The Non-Madhesi applicants are growing day by day on Madhesis quota. Therefore, in this context, Government and related political parties should think properly on the horrible consequences of such defective inclusion policy. The concerned parties and affiliated authorities should be careful and need to work immediately on this issue; otherwise it could add another tension over the Madhes conflict. Specially, the Madhes centric political parties should vouch the voice through legislation, execution, and judiciary in necessary ways.

I hope you all will work together to resolve the issue soon. Thank you.

With best regards,

Krishna Hari Pushkar

Government of Nepal/ Ministry of Home Affairs

Singh Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

krishna.pushkar@moha.gov.np

Arm Revolution in Madhes & Peace Process

"Arm Revolution in Madhes & Peace Process"

Please have a look at a supplementary Nepali article on "Arm Revolution in Madhes & Peace Process". It is in Nepali preeti font and I have attached herewith both word and pdf version for your additional conveniences. You are also requested to publish and distribute through out your possible networks. I believe that this supplementary paper will helpful for the ongoing peace process of Madhesi Insurgents and also for the people and institutions who are working on Mahdes issue.
I look forward to your healthy comments and feedback. Thank you.

Please find full document in pdf version. Click Me.

Sincerely,

Krishna Hari Pushkar
Ministry of Home Affairs
Kathmandu

Empower Home Administration in Nepal

By Krishna Hari Pushkar

The empowerment of Home Administration is now became a most crucial challenge to the new Government since the effectiveness and efficiency of the Home Administration are just limited in paper only. People may ask that why the Home Administration is pushed in such pitiable situation? The expert explains there are problems and difficulties in few basic areas of Home Administration e.g. functional, legal, procedural, structural, & personnel etc. The political causes include frequent changes in constitution, political interference, spoil and tenders system in transfer, promotion and postings etc. The legal causes include weakness in administrative and security laws, absent of proper civil administration and security polices. The procedural causes include bad practices in service delivery, hello effect, political prejudices and ill governance. Similarly, the structural causes include the poor and conventional structure in Home organizations and its responsibilities. Likewise, the personnel causes include wrong man in wrong place, haphazard posting and job responsibilities, deep rooted nepotism and favoritism, discretionary, immoral and illogical ways for personnel administration etc that are found beyond the rules and regulation, though it is very normal for Home Administration. Specially, the Home Ministry often acts against Civil Service Laws which is most panic factors.

The proficiency of the Ministry may simply explain through following practical questions: why should Police Chief follow the order of Chief District Officer in local level or Home Secretary’s order in central level? What are the controlling, supervisory and monitoring mechanism of Civil and Security Administration inside the system of Home Administration? Do we feel Civil Supremacy in local level? Why Prime Minister or Home Minister should gives more important to the Police Chiefs rather than Home Secretary? Legally, the Home Secretary should responsible in official ways for whole Home Administration, however the role of Ministry is ineffective and very limited in over all Security Administration.

In Nepal the political leadership derisively ignore the role and significances of Home Secretary, Chief District Officers or Civil Administrators in Security Management, and they give over important to the polices hakims exclusively, which is beyond the norms of hierarchical chain of command and abuse of legally provided span. Perhaps such politicians are regressive people and willing to promote and impose their personal interest over Home Administration system, as they trust arm holders are efficient for all the wrongs or influential things that they want such as corruption, murder, torture, smuggling, and other use-misuse of authorities that may be individually productive to respective the politicians and parties.

In legal provisions, the CDOs have plenty of authorities without power, so, they cannot able to implement or enforce anything properly till police or intelligence helps them into practices. Also, all corrupt politicians and criminal polices it-self want to see Home Administration or Civil Supremacy weak to enjoy illegal privileges and impose individual ruling system over the Nation. Consequently, general public have to suffer and face various trouble even in routine life such as bad governance, corruption, criminality, lawlessness, violence, exploitations, attack, kidnaps, force donation, discrimination, and more. Further, the Ministry has also bad impression in various sectors e.g. immigration, boarder security and other associated issue that are kept under the responsibilities of Home Affairs, etc.

The democratic ruling system believes that Civil Supremacy is the best systems which provides Good Governance and impose Rule of Laws as per interest of its citizens and democratic norms. Though, whatever the provisions are mentioned in constitution, laws or speeches that are delivered by politicians of New Nepal will not be materialized till Civil Supremacy or the Home Affairs will empowered properly as per desire of New Nepal.

One more example concerning the disaster works, in Ministry of Home Affairs, there are central disaster task force; however there are no any disaster specialists, though it has high marketing in Medias without having any significant positive impacts in grassroots level, because the resource and funds are being misused and officials are being individually rich. The causes behind such position is absent of proper officials and organism. People charge, how can such units may effective if people deputed as experts in this section are only experienced in delivering citizenship, passport or something else throughout job periods, so how can be disaster affected people or victim will be benefited from such laymen people? The similar situation exists in drug control unit, arms and weapons section, egovernance and other too.

It is depressing to say; there are no any training, research or development units for the Home Ministry. The Home Ministry does not formulate any official policies, neither any contemporary strategy to cope with any emerging challenges and situation of Nepal e.g. security issues, intelligence, human trafficking, terrorism, immigration, border security, terrorism, cross border, refugee etc; they do not generate any specific ideas, except to force or implement either traditional manner or just the enforce the haphazard orders or intentions of politicians. In practice, Home Ministry is just a CC desk of CDOs, Polices, Intelligence, Jail and Immigration etc. Frankly speaking, the Home Ministry is the poorest one in the sense of inland or outland training opportunity, career development perspective, foreign visit trip, or any opportunity concerning the development, research, workshop, seminars etc.

In addition, the Home Ministry has largest responsibilities and job descriptions; however it is poorest one in the sense of resources, infrastructure, physical facilities and technological development ignoring the importance and reality. The funniest thing is, there is e-governance section, through, the deployed people are general officials and are limited in MS office only, so what kinds of e-governance system should be expected from such mechanism? We have website for our Ministry, but it has not supplied needy information or any update to supply for visitor. We have official email address for inquiry and information but it is permanently inactive. So, what are the significances of such arrangements?

In observation, the Ministry of Home Affairs should need immediate restructure, reengineering, reform and empowerment to achieve better performance or high productively, otherwise it will be collapsed or remained passive in current situation too. Everyone may see & realize the situation that police revolts, rising kidnaps, murder, smugglings, mounting corruption, captivity, attacks, insurgency, strike, unwanted blockades, capture, situation of lawlessness, etc are in daily medias and news, Although, the Home Affairs is only limited in Singh Durbar buildings and speeches. Regarding the disaster, the most panic passiveness was observed while the Flood-Tsunami of Sapt-Koshi River destroyed few VDCs of Sunsari district and far western part of Nepal but Ministry were limited in press release and radio interview. Practically and legally too, the Home Ministry are responsible for all disaster prevention preparedness, rehabilitation and relief work but there were no any proactive actions were seen till few thousands of people lost their lives, liberty, property and products. So what kinds of actions were taken for such irresponsible officials and authorities? Who are responsible for such huge causality?

Every one may face the growing influence and buoyancy of YCL, Youth Force, Forum Force, Tarun Dasta and many more self-declared paramilitary private groups, who are popular for dadagiri rules. People claim they are better and convenient with these private paramilitary forces rather than Official Governmental security system, because the private paramilitary groups are very active, economy and found quick responsive and effective for general public. The public trust over official security system does no longer exist. People blames Governmental Security people are involve behind many more criminal and other illegal activities. In such situation how can people trust on State catered Security, perhaps this is the reason, when someone is kidnapped or attacked or something like that... than sufferers use to consult criminals or stronger gang’s leaders to be prevented or protected form such situations. People are compelled for such seedy steps, it has been seen recently in many criminal incidents that were took place in Kathmandu valley, Birgunj, Biratnagar, & Pokhara etc. In short, existing Home Affairs is no more capable, reliable or effective to execute its assigned job and responsibilities accordance with the expectation of New Nepal.

To address the above discussed issues Home Affairs has to take following actions immediately to dodge from such feeble situation, otherwise, situation will be most horrible and Rule of Law or so called democratic rule will be changed into bad Governance or Rule of Crime in entire Nation.

Ministry and Home Secretary:

The Ministry should be immediately equipped with centrally coordinated civil and security data networks, Home Security Group, Service and Class should introduce separately in Civil Service Act, Home Secretary should make more centrally responsible for all security and Civil Administration accord with the job description of the Ministry, the direct controlling, supervisory, monitoring and other significant powers and authorities should be delegated to Home Ministry and its mechanisms for their assigned jobs and responsibilities.

Some technical human resources e.g. security experts, conflict management experts, data and network engineers, disaster management experts, immigration and migration experts etc should be recruited immediately as per need of the Ministry. The training, research and development division and its needy infrastructure should be provided to the Ministry. The personnel administration policy should be made more specialized, inclusive and rationale. Particularly, I am in favor to introduce a special Home nature oriented laws for Personnel Administration in Home Affairs since the nature of Home Ministry is totally different and more sensitive than others.

Further, the Ministry must introduce a central security task force under the command of Joint Secretary where representatives (at least DIG level representatives from Nepal Police, Arm Police, and NID) should be kept in the Ministry as regular unit. Further, Prime Minister, Home Minister, Chief Secretary or other channels must consult and coordinate with Home Secretary rather to make direct consultation with Police Chiefs excluding some exceptional cases. In conclusion, the Ministry and Home Secretary should make more responsible for the matter of security and other civil administration affairs. Further, the coordinative role of Ministry should be addressed in UN mission, diplomatic relation and other issues of terrorism & National Security. Concerning the National Investigation Department, the Ministry must develop a wing in the Ministry for better performance of National Investigation Department, it is now less productive and inefficient in many ways. Most of the political workers are working in this department where no expected productive is being achieved in anyways except feeding some criminals and political harvesters. However, some good cadres are also working in professional ways but they are very limited and shaded by nonprofessional flocks. Besides, organizational and position based chain of command &, span of control should be scientifically restructured with relevance to contemporary context of New Nepal.

Moreover, the Home Ministry is the authority to distribute financial support for poor, helpless, or compensation as per laws and directives but we found most of financial supports and compensations are being misuses in the absence of proper laws and directives, so effective criteria should be developed to block off the misuses of the National resources. Additionally, the Helicopter is also one of the major means of corruption; therefore, Ministry should buy its own 2 or 3 Helicopters for its need based uses despite renting continuously and paying ten times more in a year than a cost of a New Helicopter.

Additionally, the Home Affairs is also often criticized for bad performance in the areas of border administration, immigration, jail administration, human rights issues, and other management and administration issues. Therefore, some performance oriented empowerment tools should be immediately brought into practices for effective and efficient administration.

CDO issues:

Basically, the Chief District Officer (CDO) is the local representative of central Government, who might have maxim authorities to exercise the power of central Government accordance with the laws and decisions of Government. However, in practice the CDOs are the one of the worst post. They are practically responsible for many things in district but they are poor in terms of need based power, budgets, manpower, & technology. For instant CDO is responsible for maintaining peace and security, to enforce law and order, development administration etc, but CDO remains powerless, if his/her issued order or request is not implemented by Police, Army, or any respective authorities or officials. In addition, CDOs are responsible for corruption control and monitoring and supervisory, though CDO has no sufficient budget to buy even adequate stationary, so every time; CDO has to ask for help to the other office In-charges. So how can a CDO morally capable to take an action against such officers or In-charges who are helping to CDO? Therefore, CDOs are compelled to be silent while they have to take heed on any cases or complains against the other officials. So, CDOs must be equipped with all types of needy resources for their effective and efficient role and duties.

Further, CDO should be professional but the tendency of CDO posting is more political and slapdash. In short, it is seen that the Home is a highly professional Ministry but it is operated by non professional people. The political leadership uses to send their harvesters as CDO instead of professional people. The outsiders’ trend to entering as CDOs through backdoor is very bad tendency. Of course, they are being failure in comparison to original cadre of Home Affairs. The main intentions of such lopsided CDOs are to earn more, enforce the order of dishonest politicians, who are doing many things for their personal interest. In such situation, Government should develop certain hard and fast indicators about the eligibility of CDOs. The CDO should equip with adequate technology and machinery. The CDO is a principle coordinator, so the CDOs role might be deployed in performance based contract. Further, it should be also incorporated with all local level authorities e.g. police, in-charges of police, arm police etc. The all In-charge level officers are kept under direct supervision and control of CDO for effective governance and optimized service delivery as per need of New Nepal. The CDO’s report should be made mandatory for promotion, posting, transfer and other things by respective authorities.

Specially, the infrastructures, privileges and other facilities of CDOs are very poor. CDOs do not have even enough trainings or specific knowledge about public service delivery, security administration, crisis management, boarder administration, corruption control, conflict management, refugee handling, boarder security, disaster management, NGO monitoring etc, so they must be empowered as per their assigned role through National and international trainings and other essential opportunities. Specially, the Ministry should conduct some need based training packages and research for its cadres. Most of the CDOs still do not have enough knowledge about internet or intranet system, CDOs have very less knowledge on how to handle the diplomatic and other issues in local level such as behavior with UN agencies, ICRC, Embassies officials etc. Hence, they must be trained in needy subjects. The CDOs recommendation should also impose as mandatory by laws in development affairs, as the CDOs is only a sole representative of central authority in local level who has to maintain balance relation with diverse people and institution.

Police & Intelligence

The Nepal Police, Arm Police and Intelligence officials’ are the employees of State not a member staffs of particular political parties or politicians. Therefore, the transparent scientific performance indicators should be developed for accountability, posting, transfer, career development, promotion, demotion, reward and action. The transformation of traditional police & intelligence administration should be immediately restructured accordance with need of contemporary affairs of the Nation. The technological advancement is required to meet the emerging challenges for better security and service delivery arrangements. The digitalization and networking technological system should be adopted for service delivery and security management.

The most pathetic issues are crisis of financial resources, technical human resource, technology and physical facilities are serious part, so the necessary facilities and developmental advantages should be addressed by laws, at least accordance with SAARC standards. The Police, Intelligence, & Nepal Army should play coordinative role and synergetic effort in local level under the direct observation and coordination of CDOs.

In conclusion, the exiting situation of Home Ministry is very weak. The Home Ministry, Secretary, Regional Administration, CDOs, Polices, Immigration, Jail and Intelligences mechanisms are poor and in highly fragile condition. Currently, the country is suffering with lawlessness, and even our Government presence is in crisis in entire rural areas. Therefore, immediate empowerment of Home Affairs through restructure, reengineering, and betterment in legal, structural, financial, physical, personnel, academic, and development areas are most essential.

(Author is affiliated with Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of Nepal)

Conflict Sensitive Strategy in Nepal

By Krishna Hari Pushkar

Nepal is under dual quandaries of conflict. One hand, it is a post conflict country since the Maoist joined the peace process after a decade long hideous arm insurgency, and other hand it has an ongoing conflict in Madhes part of Nepal where more than two dozens of ethnic insurgents are under war against state. Madhes is homeland of more than 50% population of Nepal. In this regards, the issues of conflict sensitive strategy is essential with relevance to Nepalese development affairs. Therefore, we are in deep transitional phase, so the conventional approach and methods of development will no longer valid and industrious in fragile post conflict or ongoing insurgency situation.

The most terrible dilemma is that our Government has been adopting the identical development approaches and methods that were practiced in beginning of development administration in Nepal. However, the name of the development program, package and approach are changed in various periods as per needy political version, though its practices are still remained in the same chassis.

“The development is not only affected by conflict, but development is often has an effect on conflict.” It has found that development is a basic cause for conflict and development is also a major treatment for minimization of conflict and its impacts. Hence, it is also a relevance avowal in Nepalese case. In Nepal, the Governmental as well as nongovernmental agencies are using their heavy efforts to recover and restructure the damages and losses of the developments by exercising various strategic plans and programs. We see plenty of ongoing development programs, and plans are under way, huge sectoral investments in education, heath, infrastructure, rehabilitation, industry, tourism, welfare, humanitarian assistance, physical facilities, package development, awareness etc are combating with the post conflict situation in Nepal. However, the productivity is found comparatively low or worthless due to the various weakness and traditionalist conduct in planning, policy and implementation phases of the developments. Further, it has seen in many cases that governmental authorities are failed even to use the full budget efficiently and effectively, in average less than 50% developmental budgets get fridge in majorities development sectors. Some of them are being greater sources of conflict too. Therefore, the CSS will be the most productive remedy to minimize possible unwanted outcomes and to optimize the expected productivity in pre to post conflict situation of any region or country. The conflict sensitive strategy is one of the most compulsory and efficient strategy for development and overall affairs for any conflict affected nations and zones. In Nepal, the approach was widely adopted in 2005 by DFID who had carried a study named as “Strategic Conflict Assessment of Nepal (a conflict analysis)”. This study helped DFID to understand detail paradox of Nepalese conflict. It enlightened that how CSS can helps an organization to perform better in conflict affected period and its zones. Further, the study helped to realize the possible ways and tips to achieve high output as per target and reduce tensions while working in conflict affected regions.

The conflict sensitive means to know about the situations where the organization works, matrix interaction among the organizational goals, activities and its context. It helps to avoid negative impacts and maximize positive ones. The conflict sensitivity strategy may be a skilled approach which may apply throughout planning, programming, implementation, monitoring and evaluation phases. In general, it may be used in pre to post activities works of respective development or administrative areas. However, the conflict analysis (CA) is a prerequisite of conflict sensitive strategy because the conflict analysis is the systematic study of the profile, causes, actors, and dynamics of conflict, which provide maxim answers of all possible “wh” questions about respective conflict. Therefore, the benefits of conflict sensitivity approaches are to help organization to achieve goal in strategic ways, it avoids the unwanted paradox of conflict, cost effective & target oriented. Further, the strategy also helps organization to protect and prevent from possible future conflict. In addition, the strategy helps Government and organization to achieve integrated productivity in systematic ways.

In Nepal, there are several projects and programs which often become kibosh or interrupt due to absence of conflict sensitivity strategy. Specially, in Nepalese case, we have thousands of central, regional and local level programs which has either totally failed or deflected from the expected bottom-line. Hence, the Government must have to introduce an official policy of conflict sensitive strategy for all developmental and administrative works in all possible relevant sectors. In observation, it has been seen that there are very limited or negligible coordination with conflict or related issues and its analysis while forming development plans i.e. infrastructure development, security management, health, education, water supply, irrigation, disaster management, water, energy, tourism, employment, industrialization, local governance, etc. Therefore, Nepal Government should immediately impose a rule or effective directives to adopt the conflict sensitive strategy into practice in entire development or possible administrative sectors of Nepal. Otherwise, the efforts and actions concerning the rehabilitation, reconstruction, restructuring, and development in post conflict situation or in conflict affected areas will prove not much different than a Nepali proverb as “putting the water into sand”, if the CSS will not take into consideration positively.

(Author is affiliated with Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of Nepal, khpushkar@gmail.com)

Conflict Sensitive Strategy in Nepal

By Krishna Hari Pushkar

Nepal is under dual quandaries of conflict. One hand, it is a post conflict country since the Maoist joined the peace process after a decade long hideous arm insurgency, and other hand it has an ongoing conflict in Madhes part of Nepal where more than two dozens of ethnic insurgents are under war against state. Madhes is homeland of more than 50% population of Nepal. In this regards, the issues of conflict sensitive strategy is essential with relevance to Nepalese development affairs. Therefore, we are in deep transitional phase, so the conventional approach and methods of development will no longer valid and industrious in fragile post conflict or ongoing insurgency situation.

The most terrible dilemma is that our Government has been adopting the identical development approaches and methods that were practiced in beginning of development administration in Nepal. However, the name of the development progam, package and approach are changed in various periods as per needy political version, though its practices are still remained in the same chassis.

“The development is not only affected by conflict, but development is often has an effect on conflict.” It has found that development is a basic cause for conflict and development is also a major treatment for minimization of conflict and its impacts. Hence, it is also a relevance avowal in Nepalese case. In Nepal, the Governmental as well as nongovernmental agencies are using their heavy efforts to recover and restructure the damages and losses of the developments by exercising various strategic plans and programs. We see plenty of ongoing development programs, and plans are under way, huge sectorial investments in education, heath, infrastructure, rehabilitation, industry, tourism, welfare, humanitarian assistances, physical facilities, package development, awareness etc are combating with the post conflict situation in Nepal. However, the productivity is found comparatively low or worthless due to the various weakness and traditionalist conduct in planning, policy and implementation phases of the developments. Further, it has seen in many cases that governmental authorities are failed even to use the full budget efficiently and effectively, in average less than 50% developmental budgets get fridge in majorities development sectors. Some of them are being greater sources of conflict too. Therefore, the CSS will be the most productive remedy to minimize possible unwanted outcomes and to optimize the expected productivity in pre to post conflict situation of any region or country. The conflict sensitive strategy is one of the most compulsory and efficient strategy for development and overall affairs for any conflict affected nations and zones. In Nepal, the approach was widely adopted in 2005 by DFID who had carried a study named as “Strategic Conflict Assessment of Nepal (a conflict analysis)”. This study helped DFID to understand detail paradox of Nepalese conflict. It enlightened that how CSS can helps an organization to perform better in conflict affected period and its zones. Further, the study helped to realize the possible ways and tips to achieve high output as per target and reduce tensions while working in conflict affected regions.

The conflict sensitive means to know about the situations where the organization works, matrix interaction among the organizational goals, activities and its context. It helps to avoid negative impacts and maximize positive ones. The conflict sensitivity strategy may be a skilled approach which may apply throughout planning, programming, implementation, monitoring and evaluation phases. In general, it may be used in pre to post activities works of respective development or administrative areas. However, the conflict analysis (CA) is a prerequisite of conflict sensitive strategy because the conflict analysis is the systematic study of the profile, causes, actors, and dynamics of conflict, which provide maxim answers of all possible “wh” questions about respective conflict. Therefore, the benefits of conflict sensitivity approaches are to help organization to achieve goal in strategic ways, it avoids the unwanted paradox of conflict, cost effective & target oriented. Further, the strategy also helps organization to protect and prevent from possible future conflict. In addition, the strategy helps Government and organization to achieve integrated productivity in systematic ways.

In Nepal, there are several projects and programs which often become kibosh or interrupt due to absence of conflict sensitivity strategy. Specially, in Nepalese case, we have thousands of central, regional and local level programs which has either totally failed or deflected from the expected bottom-line. Hence, the Government must have to introduce an official policy of conflict sensitive strategy for all developmental and administrative works in all possible relevant sectors. In observation, it has been seen that there are very limited or negligible coordination with conflict or related issues and its analysis while forming development plans i.e. infrastructure development, security management, health, education, water supply, irrigation, disaster management, water, energy, tourism, employment, industrialization, local governances, etc. Therefore, Nepal Government should immediately impose a rule or effective directives to adopt the conflict sensitive strategy into practice in entire development or possible administrative sectors of Nepal. Otherwise, the efforts and actions concerning the rehabilitation, reconstruction, restructuring, and development in post conflict situation or in conflict affected areas will prove not much different than a Nepali proverb as “putting the water into sand”, if the CSS will not take into consideration positively.

(Author is affiliated with Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of Nepal, khpushkar@gmail.com)

A Short Assessment on Madhes Movement

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Dfw]z cfGbf]ngsf n]vfhf]vf

— s[i0fxl/ k'is/

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df ePsf w]/} cfGbf]ngx? dWo] dw]z cfGbf]ngsf] cfˆgf] 5'§} klxrfg / dxTj 5 . of] cfGbf]ng @)^# ;fnb]lv g]kfndf /fhg}lts ;'gfdLsf] ?kdf k|j]z u/]sf] lyof] h'g cem} ;qmLo g} kfO{G5 . x'gtM of] dw]z cfGbf]ngsf a'emfO{, ljZn]if0f / dxTj jf/] w]/} ljjfbf:kb e;{gx? 5g\ . vf; u/]/ o;sf] yf? Ef;{g, dw]zL e;{g / kxf8L e;{gx? k|d'v x'g\ . t/ s6' ;To s] xf] eg] of] lje]b lj?4 clwsf/ k|flKtsf] cfGbf]ngsf] ?kdf 5 . h'g ;Fo'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dfgj clwsf/ ;DjGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq !($* sf] cg'?k g} b]lvG5 . dw]zL hgtfx?sf] cfGbf]ngn] w]/} dw]zL of]4fx?sf] alnbfg lnof], eg] Jofks wg–hgsf] Iflt ;d]t Joxf]g'{ k¥of] . csf]{lt/ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;d} klxNnf]kN6 u0ftflGqs g]kfnsf] k|yd /fi6«klt tyf pk/fi6«klt h:tf] pRr ul/dfdo kbx?df ;d]t dw]zLnfO{ cfl;g u/fpg ;kmn eof] . dw]z cfGbf]ngsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ Psbd} sl7g sfo{ ePklg of] n]vdf ;+lIfKt 5nkmn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

dw]z cfGbf]ngsf ;kmntfx?

· dw]z / dw]zLsf] ljzfn cl:tTj / pkl:ylt ;Ddfghgs ?kdf :jLsfo{ ug{ ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL / cGt/f{li6«o hutnfO{ ;d]t jfWo kf/]sf] .

· cfd dw]zLx?sf] /fhg}lts r]tgfdf cTolws j[l4 u/fPsf] .

· ;Dk"0f{ dw]zL nufot cGo lk5l8Psf hft–hftLx?sf] nflu ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ jfWo kf/]sf] .

· ;Dk"0f{ dw]zLx?nfO{ dw]zlxtsf] d'2fdf s]xL xb;Dd ePklg Pstfsf] ;"qdf afFWg ;kmn ePsf] .

· ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] Aoj:yf / ;+ljwfg ;efsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu lgjf{rg If]q k'g;{+/rgf u/fpg ;kmn ePsf] .

· g]kfnnfO{ ;+3Lo /fHosf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf u/fpg ;kmn ePsf] .

· u0ftGq g]kfnsf] k|yd /fi6«klt–pk/fi6«klt kbdf dw]zLnfO{ lgjf{lrt jgfpg ;kmn ePsf] .

· dw]zsf] /fhg}lts kl/j]zdf dw]zL ;d'bfo / dw]z km|]G8nL /fhg}lts bn / To;sf k|ltlglwx?nfO{ dw]zsf] g]t[Tj lng :yflkt u/fPsf] .

· w]/} xb;Dd gful/stfsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg u/fPsf] .

· ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;4fGtx? Jojxf/tM pkof]u ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ jfWo kf/]sf] .

· Dfw]zLnfO{ zlQm jfF8kmfF8 / zf;g Joj:yfsf] Ps z;Qm ;fem]bf/sf] ?kdf :yflkt u/fPsf] .

· dw]zLx?k|lt eO/x]sf] ljleGg dfgl;s tyf ef}lts lje]bx? qmdzM lgoGq0f / Go"gLs/0f ug{ jfWofTds cj:yf ;[hgf u/fPsf] .

· dw]zLx?sf nflu ljleGg cj;/x?sf] ;[hgf u/fPsf] .

dw]z cfGbf]ngsf c;kmntfx?

· t'ngfTds ?kdf yf]/} pknlAw k|flKtsf] nflu w]/} wghgsf] Iflt Joxf]g{' k/]sf] .

· Ps dw]z Ps k|b]z, x/]s c+udf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj h:tf s'/fx? xfn;Dd k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] .

· Dfw]zdf ;fdflhs ;befj / ;lxi0f'tf vnjnfPsf] .

· dw]zL / u}/dw]zL aLrsf] dgd'6fj / b"/L j9fPsf] .

· dw]z cfGbf]ngsf] cf8df w]/} ;z:q ;d"xsf] hGd tyf 5fkfdf/ lqmofsnfkx?df Jofks j[l4 u/fPsf] .

· dw]z / dw]zLsf] kl/ro jf kl/efiff ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL ?kdf :yflkt u/fpg g;s]sf] .

· gful/stfsf] ;Df:of–;fdfwfg ug]{ qmddf u}/g]kfnL tyf u}/dw]zL ;d'bfon] u}/sfg"gL ?kdf nfe p7fPsf] .

· dw]zdf zflGt–;'/Iffsf] l:ylt ;f¥x} bogLo agfPsf] .

· ck/flws tyf s§/kGyL ;d"xn] dw]z cfGbf]ngsf/Lsf] vf]n cf]9]/ cjfl~5t / ck/flws lqmofsnfksf] 36gfx?df j[l4 u/fPsf] .

· dw]z cfGbf]ngn] /fi6«Joflk?kdf hft–eft–e]usf] ck|fs[lts cfGbf]ngnfO{ yk d;nf k'¥ofPsf] .

dw]z cfGbf]ngsf c;kmntfsf sf/0fx?

· dw]zLsf] kl/efiff / klxrfg sfg"g / j}w ?kdf :ki6 gx'g' .

· dw]z cfGbf]ngsf] dfuk|lt :jo+ dw]zsf jfl;Gbf–;d'bfo tyf /fhgLlt¡fx?aLr Jofks dtleGgtf x'g' .

· dw]z cfGbf]ngsf] lehg / sfo{lglt q'l6k"0f{ x'g' .

· Ps dw]z Ps k|b]z h:tf sl7g tyf c:jfefljs dfux? ljgf /0fgLlt cufl8 ;fg'{ .

· dw]z cfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tj / Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L / bIftfk"j{s x'g g;Sg' .

· dw]zL g]tfx?aLrsf] cfk;L å]if, dtleGgtf / JolQmjfbL rl/q dw]z cfGbf]ngsf] cj/f]wsf] ?kdf ;lqmo x'g' .

· dw]z cfGbf]ngdf yf? nufotsf hghflt, cflbjf;L tyf lk5l8Psf ju{x?sf] k|efjsf/L ?kdf d"n k|jfxLs/0f x'g g;Sg' .

· dw]zdf hft–hflt, 5'jf5't, ul/j–wgL OToflbsf] aLrdf Jofks vf8n x'g' . tyfsflyt pkNnf] ju{sf] dw]zL / TfNnf] ju{sf] dw]zLx?sf] cfjZostf, j'emfO{, dfu, dfGotf OToflb km/s km/s ?kdf cf–cfkmg} :jfy{jf6 u|l;t x'g' .

· dw]z cfGbf]ngnfO{ /fHo, ;+rf/ hut, cGt/f{li6«o lgsfo tyf cGo /fhg}lts kf6L{ tyf g]tfx?af6 pk]Iff x'g' .

· dw]zL clwsf/sf] nflu nl8/x]sf] ;z:q tyf lg;:q ;d"xx?aLr Jofks b"/L j9\g'' .

· ;–;fgf /fhg}lts, u}/–/fhg}lts 6'qm] kf6L{ tyf ;z:q ;d"xx?sf] ;+Vof w]/} x'g' .

· Dffcf]jfbL;Fusf] zflGt k|s[ofn] Dfw]z cfGbf]ngnfO{ cf]em]ndf kfg'{ .

· dw]z / dw]zLx?sf] d'2fsf] ;DjGwdf g]kfnsf] k|d'v /fhg}lts bnx? / dw]zjfbLbnx? aLr Jofks dtleGgtf, km/s–km/s j'emfO{ / ljZn]if0f ul/g' .

· dw]zL /fhg}lts bnx?df åGb Joj:yfks, ljz]1 k||fljflws / bIf jftf{sf/x?sf] cefj x'g' .

dw]zjfbL bn tyf dw]zL g]tfx?n] t'?Gt ug'{kg]{ sfdx?

· ;Jf{k|yd sfg"gL ?kdf dw]z–dw]zLsf] kl/efiff, klxrfg / kl/ro :yflkt u/fpg hf]8bf/ ?kdf nfUg] .

· /fHosf k|To]s ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L c+ux?df ;Dej eP ;Dd ;dfg'kflts ?kdf dw]zLsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] ul/ :ki6 ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf u/fpg] . ;f] sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / ;'kl/j]If0fsf] nflu dw]zjfbL bnx?sf] ;+;bLo /fhg}lts ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug]{ .

· dw]zjfbL bnx?;+u ljutsf ;/sf/x?;Fu eP u/]sf ;a} ;Demf}tf, ;xdltnfO{ cIf/;M sfof{Gjog ug{ u/fpg k|fljlwsx? / ;DjlGwt kIfx?sf] ;+nUgtfdf clwsf/ ;DkGg ;+oGq t'?Gt lgdf{0f ug]{ .

· g]kfndf æ;dfj]zLtf k/LIf0f (Audit)Æ sf] sfg"gL jf ;j}wflgs Joj:yf ug]{ .

· dw]zLx?sf] kL/dsf{ / u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu cf–cfkmgf] kf6L{ / sfof{nox?df ljz]if ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

· dw]z / dw]zLsf] ljsf;sf] nflu >f]t–;fwg, lgdf{0f, /f]huf/, Jofkf/, Joj;fo, lzIff, :jf:Yo OToflb ;Dk"0f{ If]qdf s8fO{sf ;fy æ;dfg"kflts l;4fGtÆ sf] cjnDjg / jsfnt hf]8tf]8sf ;fy ug]{ .

· dfl;s ?kdf cf–cfkmgf lgjf{rg If]qdf uO{ slDtdf dlxgfsf] Ps k6s hg;d'bfo;Fu jftf{, e]63f6, 5nkmn / ;d:of lg?k0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

· dw]z / dw]zLsf] xslxt / sNof0fsf] nflu ul/Psf] sfd sf/jfxL / k|ultx?sf] lgoldt ;dLIff / k|sfzg ug]{ .

pk/f]Qm ;+lIfKt k|:t'tLnfO{ x]bf{ dw]z cfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntf c;kmntf b'j} b]lvG5 . h'g ljZj / g]kfnsf] c? cfGbf]ng eGbf w]/} leGg / ljlzi6 klxrfg agfPsf] b]lvG5 . dw]z cfGbf]ngsf] qmddf dfl/Psf bh{gf} 1ft–c­­­1ft zlxbx?, xhf/f}+ 3fOt] tyf cfGbf]ngsf] qmddf ePsf c/af}+sf ef}lts Ifltx?sf] d"No lglZrt ?kdf ljBdfg pknlJwsf] t'ngfdf cd"No Pj+ cd"{t 5 . tyflk ePsf pknAwLx? Kflg lglZrt ?kdf dw]zLx?sf] nflu pkof]uL ;fljt ePsf] 5 t/ of] k|flKt k|of{Kt rflx+ kSs} xf]Og . ctM dw]z / dw]zLsf] xs clwsf/ k|flKtsf nflu ;j} ;r]t dw]zL ju{, dw]zsf nflu ;dlk{t ;j} kf6L{x?, dw]zL g]tfx? cfjZostf cg';f/ ;8s, ;+;b / ;/sf/df zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ng lg/Gt/ ?kdf hf/L ub}{ ;DjlGwt lgsfox?nfO{ vj/bf/Ldf /fVg'kg{] cfjZostf b]lvG5 .

-n]vs zflGt tyf 4G4 Aoj:yfkg ljifosf] cg';Gwfgstf{ x'g'x'G5 . jxfF g]kfn ;s/sf/sf] u[x dGqfno tyf lk; OG6/g]zgn gfds u}/– ;/sf/L ;+:yf;+u ;DjlGwt x'g'x'G5 . khpushkar@gmail.com_